Wydawnictwo | Springer Netherlands |
Data wydania | |
Liczba stron | 301 |
Forma publikacji | książka w miękkiej oprawie |
Język | angielski |
ISBN | 9789401783415 |
Kategorie | Nauka ekologiczna, biosfera |
The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:: Research and Management of a Worldwide Invasive Pest
Preface
Dedication
1.0 Sirex systematics; problems and solutions
Henri Goulet
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems
1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology
1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA
1.2.3 Collections
1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage
1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species
1.4.1 Ovipositor characters
1.4.2 Other characters
2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio
Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Insect-fungus complex
2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio
2.4 Host selection and susceptibility
2.5 Host Records
2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics
2.6.1 Potential fecundity
2.6.2 Reproductive potential
2.6.3 Adult size
2.6.4 Sex-ratio
2.6.5 Natural enemies
2.7 Conclusions
3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio
John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility
3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus
3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum
3.5 General responses to Sirex attack
3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility
4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread
Juan C Corley and José M Villacide
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia
4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns
4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale
4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females
4.6 Conclusions
5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe
Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio
5.3 Natural enemies
5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts
5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality
5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe
6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids
Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Systematics and identification
6.3 Symbiotic specificity
6.4 Mode of reproduction
6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies
6.6 Conclusions and future prospects
7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan
Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi
7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts
7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps
8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Use of parasitoids as biological control agents
8.2.1 New Zealand and Australia
8.2.2 South America
8.2.3 South Africa
8.3 Conclusions
9.0 Factors affecting the efficacy of Deladenus siricidicola in biological control systems
Bernard Slippers, Brett P Hurley, X Osmond Mlonyeni, Peter de Groot and Michael J Wingfield
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rearing, handling and storage
9.3 Evolution of nematode virulence and wasp resistance
9.4 Introduction history and genetic diversity
9.5 Interaction specificity - Amylostereum and Sirex
9.6 Variable environmental factors
9.7 Conclusions
10.0 Ecological considerations in using Deladenus siricidicola for the biological control of Sirex noctilio in North America
David W Williams, Kelley E Zylstra and Victor C Mastro
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ecological factors in North America affecting the biological control program
10.2.1 Climate
10.2.2 The North American nematode
10.3 Possible effects of the biological control program on non-target pine insects in North America
10.3.1 North American Siricids as potential hosts
10.3.2 Questions on nontarget effects on North American siricids
10.4 Conclusions and future directions
11.0 The chemical ecology of Sirex noctilio
Damon J Crook, Katalin Böröczky, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro and James H Tumlinson
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sirex noctilio and stressed trees
11.3 Pine tree volatile composition of healthy and girdled trees
11.4 Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of S. noctilio
11.5 Recent lure trials based on GC and GC-EAD results
11.6 Antennal physiology
11.7 Pheromones
11.8 Conclusions
12.0 The use of kairomone lures for the detection of Sirex noctilio in susceptible Pinus radiata plantations in Australia
Richard Bashford and John L Madden
Introduction
12.1 Identification and testing of Pinus radiata stem volatiles
12.2 Development of a kairomone baited trap system in Tasmania
12.3 Integration of a static trap module into the current Australian NSCC working procedures for the control of Sirex noctilio
12.4 Conclusions
13.0 The Sirex woodwasp in New Zealand: History and current status
John Bain, Stephanie L Sopow and Lindsay S Bulman
13.1 Introduction
13.2 History of Sirex in New Zealand
13.3 Use of biological control agents
13.4 Pest status of Sirex noctilio in New Zealand 1980-2010
13.5 Conclusions
14.0 Sirex woodwasp in Australia: current management strategies, research and emerging issues
Angus J Carnegie and Richard Bashford
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Control and management
14.2.1 Australian Sirex biological control unit
14.2.2 Current operational management
14.3 Current issues and research
14.3.1 Reduced nematode parasitism of S. noctilio
14.3.2 Ips grandicollis attacking Sirex trap trees
14.3.3 Optimise timing of nematode inoculation of trap trees
14.3.4 Trap tree establishment techniques
14.3.5 Storage life of nematodes
14.3.6 Spread of Sirex into subtropical Australia
14.3.7 Future research
14.4 conclusions
15.0 The ecology and biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Patagonia, Argentina
Paula Klasmer and Eduardo Botto
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Establishment, spread and distribution of Sirex noctilio in Argentina
15.3 Management strategies for Sirex noctilio in Patagonia
15.3.1 Monitoring
15.3.2 Biological control with parasitoids
15.3.3 Biological control with entomophagous nematodes
15.4 Summary and Conclusions
16.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Brazil: monitoring and control
Edson T Iede, Susete do R C Penteado and Wilson R Filho
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biology and ecology of Sirex noctilio
16.3 The national program of woodwasp control in Brazil
16.3.1 Prevention strategies
16.3.2 Early detection and monitoring of S. noctilio
16.3.3 Biological control
16.3.4 Quarantine strategies
16.4 General recommendations
17.0 Surveillance and control of the Sirex woodwasp: The Chilean experience
Marcos Beeche, Dolly Lanfranco, Mario Zapata and Cecilia Ruiz
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Forest health in Chile
17.3 Sirex noctilio: a remarkable taxon
17.4 Surveillance of Sirex noctilio in Chile
17.4.1 Surveillance program methods
17.4.2 Distribution of Sirex noctilio in Chile
17.5 Control of Sirex noctilio in Chile
17.5.1 Quarantine control
17.5.2 Sanitation
17.5.3 Biological control
17.6 Summary and conclusions
18.0 The control of the Sirex woodwasp in diverse environments: The South African experience
Brett P Hurley, Philip Croft, Marcel Verleur, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Pine forestry in South Africa
18.3 Introduction and spread of S. noctilio in South Africa
18.4 Efforts to control S. noctilio in South Africa
18.4.1 Biological control with parasitic nematodes
18.4.2 Biological control with parasitic wasps
18.4.3 Plantation management
18.4.4 Monitoring of Sirex noctilio
18.5 Conclusions
19.0 Sirex, surveys and management: Challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America
Kevin J Dodds and Peter de Groot
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Detection in North America
19.2.1 Agencies involved in detection and delimitation efforts in Canada and the United States
19.2.2 Annual surveys
19.3 North American forests at risk
19.4 Survey challenges in North America
19.4.1 Logistical issues
19.4.2 Biological issues
19.5 Management challenges in North America
19.5.1 Silviculture
19.5.2 Biological control
19.6 Conclusions
20.0 Looking into the future of Sirex research and management
Bernard Slippers and Michael J Wingfield
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Questions relating to the natural history of Siricids and their symbionts
20.3 Continued risk and challenges facing management
20.4 New technologies and unexplored opportunities
Conclusions