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Pollution due to various anthropogenic activities continues to increase. In terms of water pollutants, organic and inorganic pollutants are the most problematic. Although several measures have been proposed and implemented to prevent or reduce contamination, their increased concentration in water bodies has created serious concerns. Over the years, the problem has been aggravated by industrialization, urbanization and the exploitation of natural resources. The direct discharge of wastewater contaminants and their geographical mobilization have caused an increase in concentration in ground, surface, fluvial and residual waters. Extensive information about detection and disposal methods is needed in order to develop technological solutions for a variety of environments, both urban and rural.This book provides up-to-date information on wastewater contaminants, aimed at researchers, engineers and technologists working in this field. Conventional physicochemical techniques used to remove contaminants from wastewater include ion exchange, precipitation, degradation, coagulation, coating, membrane processes and adsorption. However, these applications have technological and economic limitations, and involve the release of large amounts of chemical reagents and by-products that are themselves difficult to remove. Biosorption - the use of organically generated material as an adsorbent - is attracting new research and scholarship. Thermally-treated calcined biomaterials may be treated to remove heavy metals from wastewater. To ensure the elimination of these contaminants, existing solutions must be integrated with intelligent biosorption functions.Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants will find an appreciative audience among academics and postgraduates working in the fields of environmental biotechnology, environmental engineering, wastewater treatment technology and environmental chemistry.

Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

List of Contributors xiiPreface xviForeword xvii1 Industrial Wastewater Contaminants and Their Hazardous Impacts 1Camila Pesci Pereira, Joao Pedro Neves Goldenstein, and Joao Paulo BassinList of Abbreviations 1Introduction 2Toxic Heavy Metals 3Dyes 5Oil and Grease 8Biocides 10Organic Compounds 12Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) 15Conclusion 17References 192 Biosorption and Different Native Sources for Preparation of Biosorbents 23A.B. Sathya, R. Sivashankar, J. Kanimozhi, R. Devika, and R. BalajiIntroduction 23Biosorption and Its Mechanism 24Biosorbents 24Types of Biosorbents 25Microbial Biomass as Biosorbents 26Bacterial Biomass 26Algae as Biosorbents 27Fungi as Biosorbents 30Yeasts as Biosorbents 30Biosorbents Derived from Plant and Animal Waste 31Biocomposites 33Alteration of Biosorbents 33Desorption and Regeneration 34Cost Evaluation 34Conclusion 35References 353 Biosorption for Eliminating Inorganic Contaminants (IOCs) from Wastewater 42Rahul Sharma, Pinki Rani Agrawal, Ravi Kumar, Ittishree, and Gaurav GuptaIntroduction: Water Pollution by Inorganic Contaminants (IOCs) 42Permissible Limits and Sources of IOCs in Water Systems 45Standard Permissible Limits of Some IOCs in Water 45Sources of IOCs in Water Systems 46Natural Sources 46Anthropogenic Sources 46IOCs in Water: Environmental and Health Hazards 47Elimination of IOCs from Wastewater: Recent Strategies and Remediation Techniques 49Oxidation/Precipitation 50Ion Exchange 50Electrokinetics (EK) 50Membrane Filtration / Reverse Osmosis 50Sorption Methods 51Biosorption Methods for Eliminating IOCs from Wastewater 51Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 54References 564 Biosorption for Eliminating Organic Contaminants from Wastewater 63Pinki Rani Agrawal, Rahul Sharma, and Abhishek AgrawalIntroduction 63Types of Organic Pollutants and Their Effects on Human Health 64Organic Dyes 64Pharmaceutical Waste 66Agricultural Waste 67Remediation Methods for Eliminating Organic Contaminants from Wastewater 67Biosorption as a Remediation Method for Organic Pollutants 67Mechanism of Biosorption for Adsorption of Organic Pollutants 70Conclusion and Future Prospects 72References 735 Recent Approaches in the Preparation of Various Biosorbents 79Rajarathinam Nithya and Arunachalam ThirunavukkarasuIntroduction 79Biosorbents 81Physical Treatment of Biosorbents 82Sterilization 82Comminution 82Cryodessication 83Microwave Drying 83Chemical Treatment of Biosorbents 83Acid Treatment 83Alkali Treatment 84Pyrolysis 84Solid-Liquid Extraction 85Immobilization 85Chemical and Genetic Modifications 86Challenges in the Utilization of Biosorbents 86Conclusion 92References 936 Characterization of the Biosorption Process 102R. Sivashankar, A.B. Sathya, J. Kanimozhi, and B. DeepanrajIntroduction 102Biosorption 103Characterization Methods 104Titration Technique 104Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 105Scanning Electron Microscopy with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Analytical System 107X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis 109X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 110Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analyzer 111Thermal Stability Analyzer 113Conclusion 114References 1157 Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling Analysis of Water Decontamination through Biosorption 117Subramanyam Busetty, Ramprasad Chandrasekaran, and Srihari VedarthamAdsorption Equilibrium Analysis 117Basics of Adsorption Equilibrium 117Models of Adsorption Equilibrium 117Two-Parameter Model 121Langmuir Isotherm Model (Langmuir, 1918) 121Freundlich Isotherm Model 122Three-Parameter Models 124Four-Parameter Models 126Five-Parameter Model 126Adsorption Kinetics 126Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics 135Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics 136The Elovich Equation 136Avrami Kinetic Equation 137Sorption Diffusion Models 137Calculating the External Mass Transfer Coefficient 138Intra-Particle Diffusion Control 139Power Function Equation 140Bangham's Equation 140Boyd Model 141References 1418 Dynamic Biosorption for Removal of Wastewater Contaminants 147Arunachalam Thirunavukkarasu and Rajarathinam NithyaIntroduction 147Fundamentals of Biosorption 148Biosorbates 148Metals 148Organic Compounds 148Biosorbents 149Factors Affecting Biosorption 149Operational Modes of Biosorption 150Batch Biosorption 151Dynamic Biosorption 152Models of Dynamic Biosorption 154Challenges in Dynamic Biosorption 159Conclusion 161References 1629 Applications of Electrospun Membranes Immobilized with Biosorbents for the Removal of Contaminants 167Noel Jacob Kaleekkal, Maheswari Purushothaman, and G NanduIntroduction 167Biosorption and Nanofibers 168Electrospinning 169Factors Influencing Electrospun Fibers 170Advantage of Electrospinning 170Electrospun Biosorbent Membranes 172Immobilized Membranes for Heavy Metal Removal 173Immobilized Membranes for Dye Removal 176Immobilized Membranes for Removal of Organic Contaminants 176Conclusion 178References 17810 Biosorption of Precious Metals from Wastewater 185Amit Kumar Tiwari, Jay Mant Jha, and Dan Bahadur PalIntroduction 185Outline of Treatment Methods 188Biosorbents 188Biosorbents of Gold 188Biosorbents of Silver 189Biosorbents of PGMs (Palladium and Platinum) 190Factors Affecting Biosorption 191pH of the mixture 191Operational Temperatures 191Dosage of Biomass 192Ionic Potency 192Initial Concentration of the Solute 193Rate and Period of Agitation 193Biosorption Equilibrium Models 193Desorption and Recovery 194Continuous Biosorption 194Utilization of Industrial Discharge/Wastes for Biosorption 195Conclusions 195References 19511 Biosorption as a Strategy for the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements 201Joao Pedro Neves Goldeinstein and Joao Paulo BassinRare Earth Elements (REEs) 201Methods to Recover Rare Earth Elements 204Solvent Extraction 204Ion Exchange 205Adsorption 205Chemical Precipitation 206Biosorption 206Biosorption Approach for Recovering Rare Earth Elements 208Final Considerations 211References 21112 Deployment of Used Biosorbents in Environmental Remediation: Prospects and Challenges 213Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Guru Charan Sahu, and Ramesh OraonIntroduction 213Mechanism Studies 214Adsorption 214Ion-Exchange Resin 214Complexation 215Microprecipitation 215Pyrometallurgical Processes 215Hydrometallurgical Processes 216Biosorption 216Bioaccumulation and Principles 216Biotransformation 218Bioleaching 218Recovery of Metals through Used Biosorbents 218Recovery of a Single Metal with Used Biosorbents 218Vanadium (V) 219Chromium (Cr) 219Nickel (Ni) 220Copper (Cu) 220Zinc (Zn) 221Zirconium (Zr) 221Ruthenium (Ru) 221Palladium (Pd) 222Cadmium (Cd) 222Lanthanum (La) 223Neodymium (Nd) 223Rhenium (Re) 224Platinum (Pt) 224Gold (Au) 224Lead (Pb) 225Advances in Multi-Metal Recovery with Used Biosorbents 225Adsorption Kinetics 229Current Challenges 230Conclusion 231Summary 232References 23213 Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Media Using Eco-Friendly and Cost-Effective Biological Methods 246Veer Singh, Nidhi Singh, Priyanka Yadav, and Vishal MishraIntroduction 246Sources of Hexavalent Chromium 247Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium 247Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Ions 248Biosorption 250Bioaccumulation 252Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium 255Adsorption Kinetic Studies 259Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics 259Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics 259Adsorption Isotherm Studies 260Langmuir Isotherm 260Freundlich Isotherm 260Temkin Isotherm 260D-R Isotherm 261Thermodynamics Studies 261Conclusion 262Acknowledgments 262References 26214 Biosorption of Arsenic from Wastewater 269Bidhan Chandra Ruidas and Dan Bahadur PalIntroduction 269Sources of Arsenic in Groundwater Pollution 270Effect of Arsenic on the Environment and Human Health 270Methods for Removing Arsenic from Wastewater 271Oxidation 271Coagulation and Flocculation 271Adsorption 272Membrane Filtration 272Biosorption 272Principles of Biosorption 273Biosorption Sites 273Biosorption Mechanisms 274Complexation 274Chelation 274Ion Exchange 274Precipitation 275Biosorption Isotherms 275Biosorption Kinetics Model Analysis 276Biosorption of Arsenic from Wastewater 277Summary 278Acknowledgments 278References 278Index 285