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The rapid advances and industry demands for networked delivery of information and pictures through computer networks and cable television has created a need for new techniques and standards for the packaging and delivery of digital information. Multimedia Communications presents the latest information from industry and academic experts on all standards, methods and protocols. Internet protocols for wireless communications, transcoding of Internet multimedia for universal access, ATM and ISDN chapters, videoconferencing standards, speech and audio coding standards, multi-casting and image compression techniques are included.

• Latest Internet protocols for wireless communications
• Transcoding of Internet multimedia for universal access
• ATM and ISDN chapters
• Videoconferencing standards
• Speech and audio coding standards
• Multi-casting
• Latest image compression techniques

Multimedia Communications: Directions and Innovations

Prefacexv
List of Contributorsxvii
Chapter 1:EEMultimedia Communications: Source Representations,
Networks, and Applications1
Jerry D. Gibson
1.1Introduction 1
1.2Networks and Network Services 3
1.3Multimedia Sources 6
1.4Source and Destination Terminals 8
1.5Applications of Multimedia Communications Networks 9
1.5.1Video Streaming to Multiple Users10
1.5.2Videoconferencing11
1.6Conclusions12
1.7For Further Reading12
Chapter 2:EEFuture Telecommunication Networks: Traffic and Technologies13
Leonid G. Kazovsky, Giok-Djan Khoe, and M. Oskar van Deventer
2.1Key Technologies14
2.2Impact of Competition16
2.3Four Traffic Hypotheses17
2.3.1Hypothesis 1: Conventional Growth17
2.3.2Hypothesis 2: The Internet Age18
2.3.3Hypotheses 3 and 4: The Digital Video Age18
2.3.4HDTV in the United States20
2.3.5Traffic Attributes20
2.4Synergy: Future Projections21
2.5Summary and Conclusions22
2.6Bibliography22
Chapter 3:EESpeech Coding Standards25
Andreas S. Spanias
Abstract25
3.1Introduction25
3.2Speech Analysis-Synthesis and Linear Prediction27
3.2.1Long-Term Prediction (LTP)29
3.3Linear Prediction and Speech Coding Standards29
3.3.1Open-Loop Linear Prediction29
3.3.2Standards Based on Analysis-by-Synthesis
Linear Prediction32
3.4Standards Based on Subband and Transform Coders39
3.4.1The ITU G.722 Subband Coder39
3.4.2Sinusoidal Transform Coding40
3.4.3The Multiband Excitation Coder and the
Inmarsat-M Standard40
3.5Summary and Emerging Standards41
3.6References42
Chapter 4:EEAudio Coding Standards45
Chi-Min Liu and Wen-Whei Chang
4.1Introduction45
4.2ISO/MPEG Audio Coding Standards45
4.2.1MPEG-146
4.2.2MPEG-248
4.2.3MPEG-449
4.3Other Audio Coding Standards50
4.3.1Philips PASC50
4.3.2Sony ATRAC51
4.3.3Dolby AC-352
4.4Architectural Overview53
4.4.1Psychoacoustic Modeling53
4.4.2Time-Frequency Mapping54
4.4.3Quantization54
4.4.4Variable-Length Coding56
4.4.5Multichannel Correlation and Irrelevancy57
4.4.6Long-Term Correlation57
4.4.7Pre-echo Control58
4.4.8Bit Allocation59
4.5Conclusions59
4.6Definitions of Key Terms59
4.7References60
4.8Bibliography60
Chapter 5:EEStill Image Compression Standards61
Michael W. Hoffman and Khalid Sayood
5.1Introduction61
5.2Lossy Compression62
5.2.1JPEG62
5.2.2JPEG200068
5.3Lossless Compression71
5.3.1JPEG71
5.3.2JPEG-LS71
5.4Bilevel Image Compression73
5.4.1JBIG73
5.4.2JBIG278
5.5Definitions of Key Terms79
5.6References80
5.7Bibliography80
Chapter 6:EEMultimedia Conferencing Standards81
David Lindbergh
6.1Introduction81
6.2H.320 for ISDN Videoconferencing82
6.2.1The H.320 Standards Suite83
6.2.2Multiplex84
6.2.3System Control Protocol84
6.2.4Audio Coding85
6.2.5Video Coding86
6.2.6H.231 and H.243: Multipoint87
6.2.7H.233 and H.234: Encryption89
6.2.8H.331 Broadcast89
6.3H.320 Network Adaptation Standards: H.321 and H.32289
6.3.1H.321: Adaptation of H.320 to ATM and B-ISDN90
6.3.2H.322: Adaptation of H.320 to IsoEthernet90
6.4A New Generation: H.323, H.324, and H.31090
6.4.1H.245 Control Protocol91
6.4.2Audio and Video Codecs91
6.4.3H.323 for Packet Switched Networks93
6.4.4H.324 for Lot-Bit-Rate Circuit Switched Networks96
6.4.5H.310 for ATM and B-ISDN Networks98
6.5T.120 for Data Conferencing and Conference Control98
6.6Summary98
6.7References99
Chapter 7:EEMPEG-1 and -2 Compression101
Tom Lookabaugh
7.1Introduction101
7.2The MPEG Model101
7.2.1Key Applications and Problems102
7.2.2Strategy for Standardization102
7.3MPEG Video103
7.3.1The Basic Algorithm103
7.3.2Temporal Prediction106
7.3.3Frequency Domain Decomposition110
7.3.4Quantization111
7.3.5Variable-Length Coding112
7.3.6Rate Control113
7.3.7Constrained Parameters, Levels, and Profiles114
7.4Summary116
Chapter 8:EEMPEG-4 and MPEG-7117
Jerry D. Gibson
8.1Introduction117
8.2MPEG-4118
8.2.1MPEG-4 Systems Model120
8.2.2Natural Video Coding124
8.2.3Audio and Speech Coding125
8.3MPEG-7127
8.4Summary128
8.5References128
Chapter 9:EEATM Network Technology129
Yoichi Maeda and Koichi Asatani
9.1Introduction129
9.2Overview130
9.2.1Background130
9.2.2Basic ATM Concept131
9.2.3ATM Network Protocol Structure131
9.2.4International Standardization and
Recommendations132
9.3Physical Layer Specifications133
9.3.1Basic Characteristics of the TC Sublayer134
9.3.2Interface Bit Rates134
9.4ATM Layer Specifications134
9.5ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
Specifications135
9.6Network Aspects of B-ISDN135
9.6.1Traffic Control135
9.6.2ATM Layer Performance137
9.6.3OAM Functions138
9.6.4Signaling Procedure138
9.6.5VB5 Interfaces139
9.7Other ATM Network Technologies140
9.7.1IP Over ATM140
9.7.2MPEG2 Over ATM141
9.8Concluding Remarks141
9.9Definitions of Key Terms141
9.10Bibliography142
9.11For Further Information142
Chapter 10:EEISDN143
Koichi Asatani and Toshinori Tsuboi
10.1Introduction143
10.1.1General Features of ISDN143
10.1.2Service Aspects of ISDN144
10.1.3Access Features146
10.2ISDN User-Network Interfaces146
10.2.1ISDN UNI Structure146
10.2.2Reference Configurations and
Reference Points147
10.2.3Interface Features148
10.3Layers 1, 2, and 3 Specifications of UNI151
10.3.1Layered Structure151
10.3.2Basic Interface Layer 1151
10.3.3Primary Rate Interface Layer 1158
10.3.4Layer 2 Specification162
10.3.5Layer 3 Specification168
10.4Access Transmission Line Systems171
10.4.1Outline of Transmission Line System171
10.4.2Metallic Transmission Line System
for Basic Access172
10.4.3Primary Rate Transmission System176
10.5References177
Chapter 11:EEVideo-on-Demand Broadcasting Protocols179
Steven W. Carter, Darrell D. E. Long, and Jehan-Franois Pris
11.1Introduction179
11.2Common Terms and Concepts180
11.3Staggered Broadcasting Protocols180
11.4Pyramid Broadcasting Protocols181
11.5Harmonic Broadcasting Protocols184
11.6Summary186
11.7Definitions of Key Terms187
11.8References188
11.9For Further Information189
Chapter 12:EEInternet Telephony Technology and Standards Overview191
Bernard S. Ku
12.1Introduction191
12.2Internet Telephony Architecture Overview192
12.3Related Internet Telephony Standards194
12.3.1IETF195
12.3.2ETSI Telecommunications and Internet Protocol
Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON)195
12.3.3ITU-T196
12.3.4T1S1198
12.4Current and Developing Internet Telephony Protocols198
12.4.1H.323198
12.4.2Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)200
12.4.3Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)202
12.4.4MEGACO/H.248 (H.GCP)203
12.5How Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Works205
12.5.1PSTN Gateways205
12.5.2VoIP Gatways206
12.5.3IPTel Gateways207
12.6Open Issues in Internet Telephony209
12.7IN/IP Integration210
12.7.1New Elements/Functions Required211
12.7.2Special Extensions Required212
12.7.3New IN/IP Interworking Interfaces213
12.7.4Information Flow for Click-to-Dial (CTD) Service214
12.8SS7/IP Integration215
12.8.1Transport of SS7 Over IP-Related Protocols216
12.8.2Interworking of SS7 with IP-Related Protocols216
12.8.3Future of IP/SS7217
12.9Concluding Remarks217
12.10Glossary217
12.11Definitions of Key Terms218
12.12Acknowledgments219
12.13Bibliography219
Chapter 13:EEWideband Wireless Packet Data Access221
Justin Chuang, Leonard J. Cimini, Jr., and Nelson Sollenberger
13.1Introduction221
13.1.1The Wireless Data Opportunity221
13.1.2Current Wireless Data Systems222
13.1.3Emerging and Future Wireless Data Options223
13.1.4Summary and Outline of the Chapter225
13.2Packet Data Access Using WCDMA225
13.2.1Variable-Rate Packet Data225
13.3Packet Data Access Using EDGE228
13.3.1Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy229
13.4Packet Data Access Using Wideband OFDM232
13.4.1Physical-Layer Techniques232
13.4.2Physical-Layer Solutions232
13.4.3Frequency Reuse and Spectral Efficiency234
13.4.4Dynamic Packet Assignment Protocol235
13.4.5Dynamic Packet Assignment Performance235
13.4.6Radio Link Resource Organization236
13.4.7Frame Structure for Dynamic Packet Assignment239
13.4.8Simulation Model240
13.4.9Simulation Peformance Results241
13.5Conclusions244
13.6References244
Chapter 14:EEInternet Protocols Over Wireless Networks247
George C. Polyzos and George Xylomenos
Abstract247
14.1Introduction247
14.2Internet Protocols and Wireless Links248
14.2.1Internet Transport Layer Protocols248
14.2.2Protocol Performance Over a Single
Wireless Link249
14.2.3Protocol Performance Over Multiple Links251
14.3Performance Enhancements for Internet Protocols253
14.3.1Approaches at the Transport Layer253
14.3.2Approaches Below the Transport Layer254
14.4The Future: Challenges and Opportunities256
14.4.1Wireless System Evolution256
14.4.2Goals for Protocol Evolution257
14.5Summary258
14.6References258
Chapter 15:EETranscoding of the InternetOs Multimedia Content for
Universal Access261
Richard Han and John R. Smith
15.1Introduction261
15.1.1Adapting to Bandwidth Heterogeneity262
15.1.2Adapting to Client Heterogeneity265
15.2End-to-End vs. Proxy-Based Transcoding Designs266
15.3Architecture of a Transcoding Proxy271
15.4To Transcode or Not to Transcode274
15.4.1A Store-and-Forward Image Transcoding Proxy274
15.4.2A Streamed Image Transcoding Proxy277
15.5Transcoding Policies for Selecting Content280
15.5.1Optimal Policies for Offline Pretranscoding281
15.5.2Policies for Real-Time Transcoding284
15.6A Sample Set of Transcoding Policies289
15.7Related Issues291
15.8Acknowledgments293
15.9References293
Chapter 16:EEMulticasting: Issues and Networking Support297
Upkar Varshney
16.1Introduction297
16.2Multicasting Support298
16.3Multicasting in IP-Based Networks299
16.3.1Routing Protocols for IP Multicast301
16.3.2Multimedia Support and IP Multicasting301
16.3.3Multimedia Multicasting Applications on
the MBone302
16.4Multicasting in ATM Networks302
16.4.1Multicasting Schemes for ATM Networks303
16.5IP Multicasting Over ATM305
16.5.1Problems in RSVP Over ATM305
16.5.2IP Multicast Over ATM in VBNS306
16.6Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols306
16.7Multicasting in Wireless Networks307
16.7.1Issues in IP Multicasting Over Wireless308
16.7.2Multicast Support in Wireless ATM308
16.8Summary and the Future of Multicasting308
16.9Definitions of Key Terms309
16.10References309
16.11For Further Reading310
Index311